Kindler syndrome
Clinical
Features
Variants
Images
Differential
Histology
Features
Variants
Images
Differential
Pathophysiology
Epidemiology
Associations
Workup
Labs
Imaging
Diagnostic criteria
Management
Treatment
Monitoring
Counseling
Other considerations
| Kindler syndrome | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Congenital poikiloderma with blisters and keratoses,[1] Congenital poikiloderma with bullae and progressive cutaneous atrophy,[1] Hereditary acrokeratotic poikiloderma,[1] Hyperkeratosis–hyperpigmentation syndrome,[2]: 511 Acrokeratotic poikiloderma, Weary–Kindler syndrome[3]: 558 |
 | |
| Kindler syndrome has an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance. | |
Kindler syndrome (also known as "bullous acrokeratotic poikiloderma of Kindler and Weary"[1]) is a type of epidermolysis bullosa, a rare congenital disease presenting with skin blisters, caused by a mutation in the KIND1 gene.
Symptoms and signs
Infants and young children with Kindler syndrome have a tendency to blister with minor trauma and are prone to sunburns.[4] It has also been associated with ankyloglossia.[5]
As individuals with Kindler syndrome age, they tend to have fewer problems with blistering and photosensitivity. However, pigment changes and thinning of the skin become more prominent.[4]
In adults, palmoplantar hyperkeratosis can develop and epithelial cancers, such as squamous cell carcinoma typically at acral and mucosal sites.[6] Kindler syndrome can affect various mucous tissues such as the mouth and eyes, which can lead to other health problems,[7] like gingivitis, esophageal stenosis, and colitis.[6]
Cause
Kindler syndrome is the rarest of the epidermolysis bullosa types with only 400 cases known worldwide.[6] It is an autosomal recessive genodermatosis. The KIND1 gene mutated in Kindler syndrome codes for the protein kindlin-1, which is thought to be active in the interactions between actin and the extracellular matrix (focal adhesion plaques).[8] Kindler syndrome was first described in 1954 by Theresa Kindler.[9]
Diagnosis
Clinical and genetic tests are used to confirm diagnosis.[7]
Management
Treatment may involve several different types of practitioner to address the various manifestations that may occur. This multidisciplinary team will also be involved in preventing secondary complications.[10]
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN 978-1-4160-2999-1.
- ↑ Freedberg, et al. (2003). Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-138076-0.
- ↑ James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. (10th ed.). Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Bardhan, Ajoy; Bruckner-Tuderman, Leena; Chapple, Iain L. C.; Fine, Jo-David; Harper, Natasha; Has, Cristina; Magin, Thomas M.; Marinkovich, M. Peter; Marshall, John F.; McGrath, John A.; Mellerio, Jemima E. (2020-09-24). "Epidermolysis bullosa". Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 6 (1): 78. doi:10.1038/s41572-020-0210-0. ISSN 2056-676X. PMID 32973163. S2CID 221861310.
- ↑ Becker, Sarah; Brizuela, Melina; Mendez, Magda D. (2025). Tongue tie. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 29493920.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Khanna, Divya; Bardhan, Ajoy (2025). Epidermolysis Bullosa. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 38261681.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Kindler syndrome". Genetics Home Reference. NIH. Retrieved November 18, 2018.
- ↑ Siegel DH, Ashton GH, Penagos HG, Lee JV, Feiler HS, Wilhelmsen KC, et al. (July 2003). "Loss of kindlin-1, a human homolog of the Caenorhabditis elegans actin-extracellular-matrix linker protein UNC-112, causes Kindler syndrome". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 73 (1): 174–87. doi:10.1086/376609. PMC 1180579. PMID 12789646.
- ↑ Kindler T (March 1954). "Congenital poikiloderma with traumatic bulla formation and progressive cutaneous atrophy". Br. J. Dermatol. 66 (3): 104–11. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1954.tb12598.x. PMID 13149722. S2CID 22888894.
- ↑ Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean LH, Stephens K, Amemiya A, Youssefian L, Vahidnezhad H, Uitto J (December 2016). "Kindler Syndrome - Synonym: Congenital Bullous Poikiloderma". GeneReviews. PMID 26937547.
